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美國為何好的翻譯人才很稀缺
發(fā)布時間：2017-12-28 14:06 點擊：
美國為何好的翻譯人才很稀缺 Why Is Proper Translation Still Scarce美國醫(yī)院不提供翻譯服務(wù)是違法的。那么為什么適當(dāng)?shù)姆g仍然是稀缺的呢？（軟件機器翻譯不能和人工付費翻譯相媲美）你能流利地說第二語言嗎？有點流利嗎？或者你可能部分地記得高中西班牙語？好吧，在錯誤的醫(yī)院和合適的朋友見面，你也可以成為一名醫(yī)學(xué)翻譯：讓他們知道你可以說幾句話，這份工作可以是你的。聽起來很瘋狂，醫(yī)院會給你一份你不具備的工作，特別是對某人健康有嚴(yán)重影響的工作。但是，醫(yī)學(xué)翻譯的狀況意味著這種情況太頻繁了。早在1996，埃默里大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的研究表明，76%的西班牙語患者在急診室沒有翻譯。關(guān)于這一問題的數(shù)據(jù)很少，但坊間證據(jù)表明幾乎沒有變化。紐約西奈的一位醫(yī)生，一個經(jīng)常看到不懂英語的病人的醫(yī)院，告訴我她的同事經(jīng)常要求她解釋阿拉伯語，她甚至不說話，因為她有中東姓氏（她因?qū)I(yè)原因要求匿名）。這是一個特設(shè)系統(tǒng)的一部分，通常意味著如果提供翻譯的話，很可能是來自一個旁觀者、一個家庭成員或朋友，不知道如何用外語來表達“二尖瓣脫垂”之類的話。為什么？你可能會懷疑這是因為急診醫(yī)生必須迅速拯救生命，找到一個翻譯可能導(dǎo)致延誤。這聽起來很合理，但是醫(yī)院有很多協(xié)議可以幫助他們快速地完成復(fù)雜的結(jié)果，語言訪問應(yīng)該是其中之一。也不是因為醫(yī)學(xué)口譯員不存在或者找不到。Instead, underuse of medical interpreters seems to stem from misunderstanding how proper translation improves medical outcomes, and that it’s not only fiscally possible, it’s actually fiscally prudent, since it’s illegal not to offer.醫(yī)學(xué)口譯員應(yīng)該被認證。接受衛(wèi)生保健口譯員認證委員會和國家醫(yī)學(xué)口譯員認證委員會的資格證書。要獲得額外資格，你可以在全國各地的大學(xué)攻讀口譯碩士或研究生證書。像醫(yī)生一樣，口譯員也被要求每年繼續(xù)接受教育。It’s in the National Council on Interpreting in Health Care (NCIHC) Code of Ethics: “The interpreter strives to continually further his/her knowledge and skills.”醫(yī)院永遠不會想到讓病人的朋友動手術(shù)僅僅是因為她能拿手術(shù)刀。但他們要求雙語親屬隨時解釋，忽視溝通對病人護理的重要性。得到一個錯誤的后果可以是生活的改變：在員工誤解了intoxicado（西班牙語“中毒”）為“醉了，”佛羅里達州的少年Willie Ramirez收到了錯誤的護理和最終癱瘓。In Oregon, Elidiana Valdez-Lemus died after 911 misinterpreted her address. 正確翻譯缺乏外部突發(fā)事件的后果，太：Erika Williams，一個二年級醫(yī)學(xué)生的哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院的研究表明，當(dāng)有一個語言障礙，患者接受更少的預(yù)防保健，“不要吃藥”規(guī)定，并更有可能離開醫(yī)院對醫(yī)生的意見。聯(lián)邦民權(quán)法規(guī)定，醫(yī)院必須向所有人提供平等的護理機會，而不考慮“種族、膚色或國籍”，這是第六章中使用的短語，即與專業(yè)口譯員有關(guān)的第一條法律。如果“國家起源”并沒有明確指出語言是一個甄別者，那么在行政命令13166中，比爾·克林頓總統(tǒng)含蓄地表示，任何接受聯(lián)邦基金的組織，如醫(yī)療補助或醫(yī)療保險，都必須提供“有意義的語言準(zhǔn)入”，如果他們不這樣做，設(shè)備就應(yīng)該失去這些資金。但這并不總是發(fā)生�？死锼�·卡特對語言的企業(yè)協(xié)會會長，為翻譯提供美國貿(mào)易組織，說醫(yī)院很少主動順從的：“不幸的是，在ALC會員公司近年來已經(jīng)注意到醫(yī)療機構(gòu)通常會等到他們的[正義]部門的審計，發(fā)現(xiàn)不符合[支付得起的醫(yī)療] 1557節(jié)或其他法律才從特設(shè)的服務(wù)執(zhí)行一個組織語言的訪問計劃。”提供翻譯是否昂貴？不在于醫(yī)療費用和昂貴的錯誤。從2005到2015，我擁有一家口譯公司。我們開業(yè)時，一位現(xiàn)場西班牙語翻譯每小時25美元。如果你想找人打電話，每分鐘1.50美元�？谧g服務(wù)還可以通過某些類型的保險來報銷。但是，我們從醫(yī)院管理人員那里聽到的第1個銷售異議是專業(yè)口譯太貴了。根據(jù)ACA，未能提供一個醫(yī)療口譯可以得到70000美元罰款每遇到一個病人。這意味著不提供翻譯的費用，即使它不會導(dǎo)致錯誤，是天文學(xué)上高于支付的成本。至少現(xiàn)在。作為美國ACA豁免文件，他們不只是選擇了Obamacare最有名的部分。他們也給醫(yī)院許可減少有限的英語為母語的人的關(guān)心。的確，第六章是可以追溯的，但它很少被武斷地強制執(zhí)行。It’s the ACA’s hefty fines that have been the impetus forcing hospitals to change: Carter says that since ACA audits began, interpreting companies have seen many hospitals working with professional interpreters for the first time, an improvement he’s noticed industrywide.卡特說：“風(fēng)險太高了，我們不能放棄，也不能說美國的每個人都無法做到高質(zhì)量的解釋。”。了解醫(yī)生對你身體的作用的權(quán)利是根本的。知道自己診斷的權(quán)利是基本的，知道什么時候進行手術(shù)，了解人們?yōu)槭裁窗厌樄芎歪樄芊旁谀憷锩��？谧g不是太貴，提供準(zhǔn)確的醫(yī)療服務(wù)是必要的。醫(yī)院沒有意識到這一點和采取行動，這不是我們僅僅為了預(yù)算而應(yīng)該放棄的失敗。這是種族主義的一種表現(xiàn)，在我們的社會中不再有一席之地。（軟件機器翻譯不能和人工付費翻譯相媲美）It’s Illegal for Hospitals to Not Provide Translation Services. So Why Is Proper Translation Still Scarce?Do you speak a second language fluently? Sort of fluently? Or maybe you partially remember high school Spanish? Well, show up with the right friend at the wrong hospital and you too can be a medical interpreter: Let them know you can say a few words, and the job can be yours.It sounds insane—that a hospital would give you a job you’re not remotely qualified for, especially one that could have serious repercussions for someone’s health. But the state of medical translation means that it is too frequently the case. As far back as 1996, research from Emory University School of Medicine showed that 76 percent of Spanish-speaking patients went without an interpreter in the emergency department. Data on the subject is scarce, but anecdotal evidence indicates little has changed. One doctor at Mt. Sinai in New York, a hospital that often sees patients who don’t speak English, told me her colleagues frequently ask her to interpret Arabic, a language she doesn’t even speak, because she has a Middle Eastern last name (she requested anonymity for professional reasons). This is all part of an ad-hoc system that often means if translation is provided at all, it’s likely from a bystander, family member, or friend with no idea how to say things like “mitral valve prolapse” in a foreign language.Why? You might wonder if it’s because ER doctors have to save lives quickly, and finding an interpreter could cause delays. That sounds reasonable, but hospitals have plenty of protocols that help them achieve complicated outcomes quickly—language access ought to be one of them. Nor is it because medical interpreters don’t exist or can’t be found. Instead, underuse of medical interpreters seems to stem from misunderstanding how proper translation improves medical outcomes, and that it’s not only fiscally possible, it’s actually fiscally prudent, since it’s illegal not to offer.Medical interpreters are supposed to be certified. Credentials from both the Certification Commission for Healthcare Interpreters and the National Board of Certification for Medical Interpreters are accepted. For additional qualifications, you can pursue a master’s in interpreting or a graduate certificate from universities across the country. Like doctors, interpreters are also required to pursue continued education every year. It’s in the National Council on Interpreting in Health Care (NCIHC) Code of Ethics: “The interpreter strives to continually further his/her knowledge and skills.”Hospitals would never dream of letting a patient’s friend operate just because she can hold a scalpel. But they ask bilingual relatives to interpret all the time, disregarding how critical communication is to patient care. Get one word wrong and the consequences can be life-changing: After staff misunderstood intoxicado (Spanish for “poisoned”) as “drunk,” Florida teen Willie Ramirez received the wrong care and ended up paralyzed. In Oregon, Elidiana Valdez-Lemus died after 911 misinterpreted her address. Lack of proper translation has consequences outside of emergencies, too: Erika Williams, a second-year medical student at Harvard Medical School, summarized research to show that when there’s a language barrier, patients “receive less preventative care,” don’t take medication as prescribed, “and are more likely to leave the hospital against medical advice.”Federal civil rights laws state that hospitals must provide people—all people—with equal access to care, regardless of “race, color, or national origin.” That’s the phrase used in Title VI, the first law pertaining to professional interpreters. If “national origin” doesn’t indicate language as a discriminator clearly enough, in Executive Order 13166, President Bill Clinton implicitly stated any organization receiving federal funds—like Medicaid or Medicare—must provide “meaningful language access.” If they don’t, facilities are supposed to lose those funds.But this doesn’t always happen. Chris Carter, president of the Association of Language Companies, the U.S. trade organization for translation and interpreting providers, says hospitals rarely become proactively compliant: “Unfortunately, member companies of the ALC have noticed in recent years that healthcare organizations usually wait until they are audited by the [Department of Justice] and found non-compliant with [Affordable Care Act] Section 1557 or other laws before they shift from ad hoc service provision to implementing an organized Language Access Plan.”Is providing interpretation prohibitively expensive? Not in the context of what medical care costs—and how expensive mistakes are. From 2005–2015, I owned an interpreting company. When we opened, an on-site Spanish interpreter cost $25 an hour. If you wanted someone by phone, it was $1.50 a minute. Interpreting services are also reimbursed by certain types of insurance. But the No. 1 sales objection we heard from hospital administrators was that professional interpreting was too expensive.Under the ACA, failure to provide a medical interpreter can be met with a $70,000 fine—for each encounter with a patient. Which means that the cost of not providing an interpreter, even if it doesn’t lead to errors, is astronomically higher than the cost of paying for one.At least for now. As states file ACA waivers, they aren’t just opting out of Obamacare’s better-known parts. They’re also giving hospitals permission to shortchange limited-English speakers’ care. It’s true that Title VI is there to fall back on, but it’s rarely and arbitrarily enforced. It’s the ACA’s hefty fines that have been the impetus forcing hospitals to change: Carter says that since ACA audits began, interpreting companies have seen many hospitals working with professional interpreters for the first time, an improvement he’s noticed industrywide.“The risks are too high to give up and to say quality interpretation for everyone in America just can’t be done,” Carter says.The right to understand what doctors are doing to your body is fundamental. The right to know your own diagnosis is basic, to know when surgery is being performed on what, to understand why people are putting needles and tubes inside you. Interpreting isn’t too expensive—it’s essential to providing accurate medical care. Hospitals’ failure to appreciate and act on this is not a failure that we should dismiss for mere budgeting. It’s a manifestation of racism that should no longer have a place in our society.世聯(lián)翻譯-讓世界自由溝通！專業(yè)的全球語言翻譯供應(yīng)商，上海翻譯公司專業(yè)品牌。絲路沿線56種語言一站式翻譯與技術(shù)解決方案，專業(yè)英語翻譯、日語翻譯等文檔翻譯、同傳口譯、視頻翻譯、出國外派服務(wù)，加速您的全球交付。 世聯(lián)翻譯公司在北京、上海、深圳等國際交往城市設(shè)有翻譯基地，業(yè)務(wù)覆蓋全國城市。每天有近百萬字節(jié)的信息和貿(mào)易通過世聯(lián)走向全球！積累了大量政商用戶數(shù)據(jù)，翻譯人才庫數(shù)據(jù)，多語種語料庫大數(shù)據(jù)。世聯(lián)品牌和服務(wù)品質(zhì)已得到政務(wù)防務(wù)和國際組織、跨國公司和大中型企業(yè)等近萬用戶的認可。
