把中國制度優(yōu)勢更好轉化為國家治理效能

Transforming China’s Institutional Advantages into Effective State Governance
（十九屆四中全會《決定》學習思考）
(Elucidating the “Decision” adopted at the fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee)

 
[編者按]十九屆四中全會是在新中國成立70周年之際，在“兩個一百年”奮斗目標歷史交匯點上，召開的一次具有開創(chuàng)性、里程碑意義的重要會議，為我們繼續(xù)堅定不移地堅持和發(fā)展中國特色社會主義制度和國家治理體系樹立了信心，也為人類探索建設更好社會制度貢獻了中國智慧和中國方案。為切實增強學習貫徹十九屆四中全會精神的政治自覺和思想自覺，努力掌握習近平總書記全會重要講話和全會《決定》的豐富內涵和核心要義，中國翻譯研究院特邀請中共中央黨�？茖W社會主義教研部副教授徐浩然進行學習解讀，并納入中國翻譯研究院重點翻譯項目統(tǒng)籌工作機制進行編譯，供業(yè)界及相關人士參考。
 
        中國共產黨第十九屆中央委員會第四次全體會議（簡稱：十九屆四中全會）于2019年10月28日至31日在北京召開。全會由中央政治局主持，中央委員會總書記習近平作了重要講話。會議審議通過了《中共中央關于堅持和完善中國特色社會主義制度、推進國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化若干重大問題的決定》�！稕Q定》反映了對國家制度和治理能力的系統(tǒng)性思考，是新時代堅持和完善中國特色社會主義制度、推進國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化的綱領性文件。
       
        中國特色社會主義制度是黨和人民在長期實踐探索中形成的科學制度體系，中國國家治理一切工作和活動都依照中國特色社會主義制度展開，中國國家治理體系和治理能力是中國特色社會主義制度及其執(zhí)行能力的集中體現(xiàn)。

        The fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee was held in Beijing from October 28 to 31, 2019. Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, made an important speech at the session, which was presided over by the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. The session reviewed and adopted the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Major Issues Concerning Upholding and Improving Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Modernizing the State Governance System and Capacity.” Reflecting a systematic thinking on the state governance system and capacity, the decision is a guiding document for upholding and improving socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing state governance system and capacity in the new era. Chinese socialism is a sound system developed by the CPC and the Chinese people through prolonged practices and explorations; it forms the basis for state governance in every field, and is fully represented in the state governance system and capacity.

        堅持和完善中國特色社會主義制度、推進國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化的總體目標是：到中國共產黨成立一百年時，在各方面制度更加成熟更加定型上取得明顯成效；到二〇三五年，各方面制度更加完善，基本實現(xiàn)國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化；到新中國成立一百年時，全面實現(xiàn)國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化，使中國特色社會主義制度更加鞏固、優(yōu)越性充分展現(xiàn)。

         The overall objectives of upholding and improving socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the state governance system and capacity are as follows: Accomplishing notable achievements in making the systems in all fields more mature and better-defined by CPC's centenary mark (2021); further refining the the systems in all fields and basically achieving the goal of modernizing the state governance system and capacity by 2035; and fully realizing the goal of modernizing the state governance system and capacity, hence further consolidating Chinese socialism with its strength in full play by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China(2049).

        中國共產黨自成立以來，團結帶領人民，堅持把馬克思主義基本原理同中國具體實際相結合，贏得了中國革命勝利，并深刻總結國內外正反兩方面經驗，不斷探索實踐、改革創(chuàng)新，建立和完善社會主義制度，形成和發(fā)展黨的領導和經濟、政治、文化、社會、生態(tài)文明、軍事、外事等各方面制度，加強和完善國家治理，取得歷史性成就。這充分說明中國國家制度和國家治理體系具有多方面的顯著優(yōu)勢，主要體現(xiàn)在：

        Since its establishment, the CPC has united and led the Chinese people to combine the basic principles of Marxism with China's practical realities to achieve victory in the Chinese revolution. It has also thoroughly reflected on the successes and failures from home and abroad, kept exploring new practices, embarked on reform and innovation, and established and improved the socialist system. By forming and developing the systems for Party leadership, the economy, political affairs, culture, social development, ecological progress, national defense, and foreign affairs, the CPC has strengthened and improved its state governance and made historic achievements. This fully demonstrates the strengths of China's state systems and governance that are manifested in many ways, as listed below:

         堅持黨的集中統(tǒng)一領導，堅持黨的科學理論，保持政治穩(wěn)定，確保國家始終沿著社會主義方向前進的顯著優(yōu)勢；堅持人民當家作主，發(fā)展人民民主，密切聯(lián)系群眾，緊緊依靠人民推動國家發(fā)展的顯著優(yōu)勢；堅持全面依法治國，建設社會主義法治國家，切實保障社會公平正義和人民權利的顯著優(yōu)勢；堅持全國一盤棋，調動各方面積極性，集中力量辦大事的顯著優(yōu)勢；堅持各民族一律平等，鑄牢中華民族共同體意識，實現(xiàn)共同團結奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展的顯著優(yōu)勢；堅持公有制為主體、多種所有制經濟共同發(fā)展和按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存，把社會主義制度和市場經濟有機結合起來，不斷解放和發(fā)展社會生產力的顯著優(yōu)勢；堅持共同的理想信念、價值理念、道德觀念，弘揚中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化、革命文化、社會主義先進文化，促進全體人民在思想上精神上緊緊團結在一起的顯著優(yōu)勢；堅持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，不斷保障和改善民生、增進人民福祉，走共同富裕道路的顯著優(yōu)勢；堅持改革創(chuàng)新、與時俱進，善于自我完善、自我發(fā)展，使社會充滿生機活力的顯著優(yōu)勢；堅持德才兼?zhèn)�、選賢任能，聚天下英才而用之，培養(yǎng)造就更多更優(yōu)秀人才的顯著優(yōu)勢；堅持黨指揮槍，確保人民軍隊絕對忠誠于黨和人民，有力保障國家主權、安全、發(fā)展利益的顯著優(yōu)勢；堅持“一國兩制”，保持香港、澳門長期繁榮穩(wěn)定，促進祖國和平統(tǒng)一的顯著優(yōu)勢；堅持獨立自主和對外開放相統(tǒng)
一，積極參與全球治理，為構建人類命運共同體不斷作出貢獻的顯著優(yōu)勢。

       Upholding the CPC's centralized and unified leadership, maintaining the CPC's scientific theories, guaranteeing political stability, and ensuring that the country follows the socialist path;

        Respecting the people’s status as masters of the country, promoting people’s democracy, maintaining close ties with the people, and relying on the people to drive national development;

         Pursuing law-based governance in all respects in a socialist country that fallows the rule of law, ensures social fairness and justice, and guarantees the rights of the people;

         Motivating all sectors, pooling all resources, and coordinating all our efforts to complete key national undertakings;
     
         Upholding equality between all ethnic groups, fostering a strong sense of national identity, and working together for common prosperity;

         Maintaining the dominant role of public ownership while developing other forms of ownership, and implementing multiple modes of distribution with “to each according to their work” as the principal form; this structure represents an effective combination of the socialist system and the market economy and helps create and unlock additional productive forces;

         Upholding common ideals, values and morals, promoting the best of Chinese traditions, socialist culture and revolutionary heritage, and uniting the nation in shared beliefs and convictions;

         Pursuing a people-centered approach to development that improves quality of life and achieves prosperity for all;

        Implementing further reform and innovation, keeping pace with the times, and pursuing constant self-development, leading to a more vibrant and dynamic society;

        Selecting the best minds across the land based on their integrity and expertise, and preparing talent for the country’s future needs;

        Maintaining CPC leadership over the people’s armed forces, and ensuring their absolute loyalty to the Party and the people and their ability to safeguard China’s sovereignty, security and national interests;

         Upholding the principle of “one country, two systems” to maintain lasting prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao and promote the peaceful reunification of China;

         Maintaining independence and self-reliance while opening to the outside world, with more active participation in global governance and a greater contribution to the building of a global community of shared future.

        十九屆四中全會將中國特色社會主義制度和國家治理體系的顯著優(yōu)勢概括為“十三個堅持”，這是堅定中國特色社會主義道路自信、理論自信、制度自信、文化自信的基本依據，是強化中國國家制度和治理體系的執(zhí)行能力，是把中國制度優(yōu)勢更好轉化為國家治理效能，從而實現(xiàn)“兩個一百年”奮斗目標、實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復興中國夢的有力保證。中國特色社會主義制度和國家治理體系的強大生命力和巨大優(yōu)越性主要表現(xiàn)為五個基本特性。

         The fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee summed up the strengths of Chinese socialism  and the governance system as “13 upholds,” which are the basis for fostering stronger confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of Chinese socialism. They are also strong guarantees for strengthening the implementation of China's state and governance systems, turning China’s institutional advantages into efficient state governance, and thereby achieving the Two Centenial Goals and realizing the Chinese dream of national rejuvenation. The strong vitality and great superiority of Chinese socialism and the state  governance system are shown through five basic characteristics as listed below.

       一是堅定的戰(zhàn)略導向性。實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化、實現(xiàn)共產主義遠大理想是一代又一代中國共產黨人接續(xù)奮斗的目標。為了實現(xiàn)這一目標，中國特色社會主義制度在發(fā)展完善過程中，始終堅持黨的集中統(tǒng)一領導，堅持黨的科學理論，保持政治穩(wěn)定，確保國家始終沿著社會主義方向前進。中國特色社會主義最本質的特征是中國共產黨領導，中國特色社會主義制度的最大優(yōu)勢是中國共產黨領導。中國特色現(xiàn)代國家治理體系是由經濟、政治、社會等各領域子系統(tǒng)構成的復雜大系統(tǒng)，這一體系運轉的軸心就是中國共產黨。中國特色社會主義進入新時代，完成偉大事業(yè)必須靠黨的領導。中國共產黨能不能打仗，新中國的成立已經說明了；中國共產黨人能不能搞建設搞發(fā)展，改革開放的推進也已經說明了；中國共產黨人能不能在日益復雜的國際國內環(huán)境下堅持住黨的領導、堅持和發(fā)展中國特色社會主義，還需要一代又一代共產黨人繼續(xù)作出回答。

        I. Unwavering strategic direction. Achieving modernization and the high ideal of communism is the ultimate goal of the Chinese communists, generation after generation. In order to reach this target, China has been persistently upholding the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC, followed the CPC's scientific theories, maintained political stability, and ensured that the country keeps advancing along the socialist path while developing and improving Chinese socialist system. The defining feature of Chinese socialism is the leadership of the CPC, and the greatest strength of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is also the leadership of the CPC. The modern state governance with Chinese characteristics is a complex system, composed of economic, political, societal, and other sub-systems, with the CPC as its axis. As Chinese socialism enters a new era, we must count on the leadership of the CPC for advancing and completing our great cause. The founding of the PRC has made it clear that the CPC is capable of winning in the battle field, and its successful reform and opening up has proved that the Chinese communists are capable of carrying out economic construction and social development. Now, facing increasingly complicated international and domestic environments, the next generations of Chinese communists must show whether they are capable of upholding the Party’s leadership, adhering to and improving socialism with Chinese characteristics.

        二是系統(tǒng)的領域層次性。作為科學制度體系，中國特色社會主義制度涵蓋經濟、政治、文化、社會、生態(tài)、軍事和外事等多個領域，層次清楚、特色鮮明。在經濟方面，中國國家制度和國家治理體系堅持公有制為主體、多種所有制經濟共同發(fā)展和按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存，把社會主義制度和市場經濟有機結合起來，不斷解放和發(fā)展社會生產力。在政治方面，中國國家制度和國家治理體系堅持人民當家作主，發(fā)展人民民主，密切聯(lián)系群眾，緊緊依靠人民推動國家發(fā)展；堅持全面依法治國，建設社會主義法治國家，切實保障社會公平正義和人民權利；堅持各民族一律平等，鑄牢中華民族共同體意識，實現(xiàn)共同團結奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展；堅持“一國兩制”，保持香港、澳門長期繁榮穩(wěn)定，促進祖國和平統(tǒng)一。在文化方面，中國國家制度和國家治理體系堅持共同的理想信念、價值理念、道德觀念，弘揚中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化、革命文化、社會主義先進文化，促進全體人民在思想上精神上緊緊團結在一起。在社會方面，中國國家制度和國家治理體系堅持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，不斷保障和改善民生、增進人民福祉，走共同富裕道路。在外事和軍事方面，中國國家制度和國家治理體系堅持獨立自主和對外開放相統(tǒng)一，積極參與全球治理，為構建人類命運共同體不斷作出貢獻；確保人民軍隊忠誠于黨和人民，有力保障國家主權、安全、發(fā)展利益。面對復雜多變的治國理政新形勢，中國特色社會主義科學制度體系還通過實行最嚴格的生態(tài)環(huán)境保護制度，全面建立資源高效利用制度，健全生態(tài)保護和修復制度以及嚴明生態(tài)環(huán)境保護責任制度等，不斷提升系統(tǒng)完備性、拓展系統(tǒng)的領域層次。
 
        II. Extensive and Systematic Coverage. As a scientific system, Chinese socialism covers many fields, including the economy, politics, culture, social and ecological progress, military affairs, and foreign affairs, with clear-defined priorities and distinctive features for each.

        On the economic front, it maintains the dominant role of public ownership while developing other forms of ownership, and implements multiple modes of distribution with “to each according to their work” as the principal form. This structure represents an effective combination of the socialist system and the market economy and helps create and unlock additional productive forces.

        In the political arena, it respects the people’s status as masters of the country, promotes people’s democracy, maintains close ties with the people, and relies on the people to drive national development; it pursues law-based governance in all respects to build a socialist country under the rule of law, ensures social fairness and justice, and guarantees the rights of the people; it upholds equality between all ethnic groups, fosters a strong sense of national identity and work jointly for common prosperity and development; it upholds the principle of “one country, two systems” to maintain lasting prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao, and promotes the peaceful reunification of China.

        In terms of culture, it advocates common ideals, values, and morals, promotes the best of Chinese traditions, socialist culture and revolutionary heritage, and unites the nation in shared beliefs and convictions.
On the social front, it pursues a people-centered approach to development that improves quality of life and achieves prosperity for all.

         In foreign and military affairs, it maintains independence and self-reliance while opening to the outside world, with more active participation in global governance and a greater contribution to the building of a global community of shared future; it ensures the absolute loyalty of the armed forces to the Party and the people and their ability to safeguard China’s sovereignty, security and national interests.

         Facing the complex and fast-changing new situation of governing the country, Chinese socialism has been expanded to include a system for eco-environmental conservation and restoration and an accountability system for eco-environmental protection by implementing the most stringent eco-environmental protection mechanism and enabling efficient utilization of resources in an all-round way.

        三是整體的交互協(xié)同性。中國特色社會主義制度和國家治理體系，結合經濟、政治、文化、社會等各領域工作，實際構建起一整套相互銜接的根本制度、基本制度和重要制度，制度體系內各個部分不是彼此孤立的，而是交互連通的，具有高度的協(xié)同性。正如鄧小平指出：“社會主義同資本主義相比較，它的優(yōu)越性就在于能夠做到全國一盤棋，集中力量，保證重點。”中國特色社會主義制度和國家治理體系能夠集中力量辦大事的優(yōu)勢不斷凸顯，首先是因為中國共產黨的領導核心作用，這使得做決定有了一個權威，避免分散主義。習近平指出：“黨的歷史、新中國的發(fā)展歷史表明，要治理好我們這個大黨、治理好我們這個大國，保證黨的團結和集中統(tǒng)一至關重要，維護好黨中央權威至關重要。黨中央有權威，黨就有力量。如果黨中央沒有權威，黨的理論和路線方針政策可以隨意不執(zhí)行，黨就會變成一盤散沙，就會成為自行其是的’私人俱樂部’，黨的領導就會成為一句空話。”其次，在完善國家制度和國家治理體系的過程中，中國共產黨始終堅持民主集中制，將黨的集中統(tǒng)一領導與人民的積極性、主動性結合起來。在充分發(fā)揚民主的基礎上進行集中，匯聚全黨智慧、體現(xiàn)全黨意志，是中國共產黨的一大創(chuàng)舉。這樣做，既有利于做到科學決策、民主決策、依法決策，避免發(fā)生重大失誤甚至顛覆性錯誤；又有利于克服分散主義、本位主義，避免議而不決、決而不行，形成推進黨和國家事業(yè)發(fā)展的強大合力。

        III. Comprehensive interconnectivity and synergy. Chinese socialism and China’s state governance system is composed of a set of interconnected fundamental, basic, and important systems covering economic, political, cultural, social development and more. The various parts of the system are not isolated from one another but all interconnected with a high degree of synergy. As Deng Xiaoping pointed out, “Compared with capitalism, the advantage of socialism lies in the fact that the whole country can work together to concentrate strength on priority tasks. ” This advantage has become more and more prominent for two reasons.

        First, the core leadership role of the CPC ensures a recognized authority in decision-making, thus avoiding decentralization. As Xi Jinping pointed out, “The CPC's history and the PRC’s course of development have proved that to govern this political party and this vast country, we must ensure solidarity, centralization, and unity of the CPC, and safeguard the authority of the CPC Central Committee. When the CPC Central Committee has authority, the Party has strength. If the CPC Central Committee had no authority, the Party’s theories, guidelines and policies could not have been implemented, the Party would have become fragmented and become a 'private club’, turning the Party’s leadership into empty voices.”

        Second, in the process of improving China's state and governance systems, the CPC has upheld democratic centralism and combined the Party’s centralized and unified leadership with the enthusiasm and initiative of the people. It is one of the many pioneering undertakings of the CPC to centralize on the basis of fully promoting democracy, to pull together all the wisdom and embody the will of the whole Party. In doing so, it is not only conducive to well-informed, democratic, and law-based decision-making while avoiding major or even subversive mistakes, it is also conducive to overcoming fragmentation and a silo mentality, averting discussions without decisions and decisions without actions, and forming a powerful joint force for the development of the Party and the state.

         四是發(fā)展的自變適應性。堅持改革創(chuàng)新、與時俱進，善于自我完善、自我發(fā)展，使社會充滿生機活力是中國國家制度和國家治理體系的顯著優(yōu)勢。中國特色社會主義制度和國家治理體系的形成并不是一蹴而就的，而是根據內外部環(huán)境變化、不斷發(fā)展完善自身的過程。在這一過程中，由于有實事求是的思想路線作為正確引導，有民主集中制作為體制保證，中國特色社會主義制度和國家治理體系成功實現(xiàn)了內外部物質與信息的交流互動，實現(xiàn)了自身的新陳代謝，革除了舊的、不適應環(huán)境變化的體制機制，建立起新的體制機制，使中國國家制度和國家治理體系更加具有活力，充滿動力，同時也使馬克思主義理論不斷豐富發(fā)展。中國特色社會主義事業(yè)作為前無古人的開創(chuàng)性事業(yè)，前進道路不可能一帆風順。事業(yè)越發(fā)展、改革越深入，新情況新問題就會越多，面臨的風險和挑戰(zhàn)就會越多，面對的不可預料的事情就會越多。因此，必須堅持馬克思主義的發(fā)展觀點，發(fā)揮歷史的主動性和創(chuàng)造性，銳意進取、大膽探索，不斷有所發(fā)現(xiàn)、有所創(chuàng)造、有所前進。推進全面深化改革，既要保持中國特色社會主義制度和國家治理體系的穩(wěn)定性和延續(xù)性，又要抓緊制定完善國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化急需的制度、滿足人民對美好生活新期待的制度，推動中國特色社會主義制度不斷自我完善和發(fā)展、永葆生機活力。

        IV.  Proactive adaptability in development. Implementing further reform and innovation, keeping pace with the times, and pursuing constant self-development to bring about a more vibrant and dynamic society are some of the strengths of China's state and governance systems. Socialism with Chinese characteristics and the governance system are not institutionalized overnight,; they are established through a lasting process of development and improvement in line with the changes of the internal and external environment. With seeking truth from facts as the ideological guidance and democratic centralism as the institutional guarantee in this process, Chinese socialist system and the state governance system have successfully revamped themselves through exchange and interaction of internal and external resources and information, and the replacement of outdated institutional mechanisms that no longer respond to changing circumstances with new ones. This adaptability not only makes China's state and governance systems more dynamic and vigorous, but also enriches the theory of Marxism. Blazing the trail in the cause of developing Chinese socialism would not be a smooth undertaking. With further development and reform, more unknown situations and problems will arise, along with more risks, challenges, and unforeseeable happenings. Therefore, the CPC must adhere to the Marxist vision of development, give full play to people’s initiative and creativity that would shape history, forge ahead with a daring mind, and make constant discoveries, innovations and advances. To further reform in an all-around way, the Party should not only maintain stability and continuity of the socialist system and state governance, it also needs to speed up the process of formulating and improving institutions that are urgently needed for modernizing the nation’s governance system and capacity, and meet people’s new expectations for a better life. By doing so, it will push the Chinese socialist system to continue to improve and develop with lasting vigor and vitality.

        五是廣泛的開放包容性。制度的實質，即在于塑造人類社會關系的、穩(wěn)定的秩序結構，促進人口以及各資源要素在不同層次之間的流動。中國國家制度和國家治理體系堅持德才兼?zhèn)�、選賢任能，聚天下英才而用之，培養(yǎng)造就更多更優(yōu)秀人才；堅持獨立自主和對外開放相統(tǒng)一，積極參與全球治理，為構建人類命運共同體不斷作出貢獻。今天，經濟全球化大潮滾滾向前，新科技革命和產業(yè)變革深入發(fā)展，全球治理體系深刻重塑，國際格局加速演變，和平發(fā)展大勢不可逆轉。人類交往的世界性比過去任何時候都更深入、更廣泛，各國相互聯(lián)系和彼此依存比過去任何時候都更頻繁、更緊密，和平、發(fā)展、合作、共贏已成為時代潮流。馬克思、恩格斯指出：“各民族的原始封閉狀態(tài)由于日益完善的生產方式、交往以及因交往而自然形成的不同民族之間的分工消滅得越是徹底，歷史也就越是成為世界歷史。”歷史和現(xiàn)實日益證明這個預言的科學價值。中國特色社會主義制度和國家治理體系是馬克思主義和中國改革開放相結合的產物，在其發(fā)展完善的過程中，開放包容性始終是其顯著特性。中共十八大以來，中國人民始終不渝走和平發(fā)展道路，推進“一帶一路”國際合作，推動建設相互尊重、公平正義、合作共贏的新型國際關系，積極參與引領全球治理體系改革和建設。中國特色社會主義制度的開放包容性使其在形成并不斷發(fā)展完善的過程中能夠充分吸收、借鑒人類文明和中國古代文明的發(fā)展成果，吸取、反思國外推進治理現(xiàn)代化和國際共產主義運動的經驗教訓。因此，中國特色社會主義制度和國家治理體系的形成發(fā)展過程并非是在因循守舊下安之若素，而是在承納衍化中推陳出新。

         V. Openness and inclusiveness. Institutions essentially exist to shape a stable order and structure for human social relations, and facilitate the movement of people, resources and other elements in society across its various strata. China's state and governance systems select the best minds across the land based on their integrity and expertise, and prepares talent for the country’s future needs. It also maintains independence and self-reliance while opening to the outside world, with more active participation in global governance and a greater contribution to the building of a global community of shared future. Today, against the backdrop of economic globalization, a new round of technological and industrial revolution is unfolding, the system of global governance is being profoundly reshaped, and the international landscape is evolving at a faster pace. However, peace and development remain the irreversible trend of our times. Human exchanges are more profound and extensive than ever before, while countries are more frequently and closely connected and interdependent than at any time in the past. Peace, development and win-win cooperation have become the trend of the times. Marx and Engels point out that the more the original isolation of the separate nationalities is destroyed by the developed mode of production and intercourse and the division of labor between various nations naturally brought forth by these, the more history becomes world history. History and current reality have attested to the scientific value of this inference. Socialism with Chinese characteristics and the state  governance system are the results of the integration of Marxism and China's reform and opening up. The open and inclusive nature has remained their prominent feature over the course of development and improvement. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the Chinese people have unwaveringly followed the path of peace and development, promoted international cooperation along the Belt and Road, created a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness and justice, and win-win cooperation, and actively participated in the reform and development of the global governance system. Thanks to its open and inclusive nature, socialism with Chinese characteristics can draw extensively on the achievements of human civilization, in particular ancient Chinese civilization, and learn from and reflect on the lessons of foreign countries in modernizing their governance as well as the lessons of the international communist movement. Therefore, the formation and development of the Chinese socialist system and the state governance system do not stay unchanged. They constantly keep evolving.

         堅持和完善中國特色社會主義行政體制，構建堅持和完善中國特色社會主義制度、推進國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化，是中國共產黨的一項重大戰(zhàn)略任務。十九屆四中全會鮮明提出“十三個堅持和完善”，為順利實現(xiàn)這一任務提供了科學指南。具體包括：堅持和完善黨的領導制度體系，提高黨科學執(zhí)政、民主執(zhí)政、依法執(zhí)政水平；堅持和完善人民當家作主制度體系，發(fā)展社會主義民主政治；堅持和完善中國特色社會主義法治體系，提高黨依法治國、依法職責明確、依法行政的政府治理體系；堅持和完善社會主義基本經濟制度，推動經濟高質量發(fā)展；堅持和完善繁榮發(fā)展社會主義先進文化的制度，鞏固全體人民團結奮斗的共同思想基礎；堅持和完善統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)的民生保障制度，滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需要；堅持和完善共建共治共享的社會治理制度，保持社會穩(wěn)定、維護國家安全；堅持和完善生態(tài)文明制度體系，促進人與自然和諧共生；堅持和完善黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導制度，確保人民軍隊忠實履行新時代使命任務；堅持和完善“一國兩制”制度體系，推進祖國和平統(tǒng)一；堅持和完善獨立自主的和平外交政策，推動構建人類命運共同體；堅持和完善黨和國家監(jiān)督體系，強化對權力運行的制約和監(jiān)督。

         Upholding and improving socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the state governance system and capacity is an important strategic task for the CPC. The fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee explicitly puts forward 13 aspects that we must uphold and improve to guide us to fulfill the task. The 13 aspects include:

        1. Upholding and improving socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the state governance system and capacity.

        2. Upholding and improving the systems and institutions for CPC leadership, with enhanced capacity for the CPC to exercise power based on informed decisions, democratic process and the rule of law.

        3. Upholding and improving the systems and institutions that ensure the people are masters of their own country, with continuous progress in socialist democracy.

        4. Upholding and improving the rule of law under socialism with Chinese characteristics, and enhancing the CPC's capacity as the ruling party to pursue law-based governance.

        5. Upholding and improving the administrative system under socialism with Chinese characteristics, in a structure that ensures clearly defined duties and responsibilities and law-based administration.

        6. Upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system with the focus on quality growth.

        7. Upholding and improving the systems that promote the best of socialist culture so that the whole nation is united under shared beliefs and goals.

        8. Upholding and improving social systems for urban and rural residents to satisfy the growing expectations for a better life.

        9. Upholding and improving social governance based on collaboration and broad participation, with the goal of benefiting all and ensuring social stability and national security.

       10. Upholding and improving the systems to promote eco-civilization so that humanity can live in harmony with nature.

        11. Upholding and improving the CPC's absolute leadership over the people’s armed forces so that they can fulfill their mission in the new era.

        12. Upholding and improving “one country, two systems” to promote peaceful reunification of the Chinese nation.

        13. Upholding and improving the independent foreign policy of peace and promoting a global community of shared future.

         加強中國共產黨對堅持和完善中國特色社會主義制度、推進國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化的領導，是中國國家制度和治理體系得以鞏固和不斷完善發(fā)展的強有力政治保障。只有在黨中央統(tǒng)一領導下科學謀劃、精心組織，遠近結合、整體推進，十九屆四中全會所確定的各項目標任務才能全面落實到位。各級黨委和政府以及各級領導干部需要切實強化制度意識，帶頭維護制度權威，做制度執(zhí)行的表率，帶動全黨全社會自覺尊崇制度、嚴格執(zhí)行制度、堅決維護制度。加強制度理論研究和宣傳教育，引導全黨全社會充分認識中國特色社會主義制度的本質特征和優(yōu)越性，堅定制度自信。推動廣大干部嚴格按照制度履行職責、行使權力、開展工作，提高推進“五位一體”總體布局和“四個全面”戰(zhàn)略布局等各項工作能力和水平。

        CPC’s leadership in upholding and improving Chinese socialism and modernizing the state governance system and capacity is a strong political guarantee for consolidating and continuously improving China's state and governance systems. Only by sound planning, meticulous organization, the combination of long-term and short-term policies, and pushing ahead on all fronts under the unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, can all the goals and tasks set by the fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee be fully implemented and accomplished. Party committees, governments at all levels and their leading officials must have a stronger awareness of the systems, lead by example in safeguarding the authority of and enforcing the systems, and call upon the whole Party and the society to honor, enforce and safeguard the systems. The Party should strengthen theoretical research and education of the systems, guide the whole Party and the society to fully understand the defining feature and strengths of Chinese socialism, and remain highly confident in our systems. The CPC should urge all Party members to strictly act in line with the systems to fulfill their duties, exercise the power of office, and carry out their tasks, thus enhancing their capacities and standards in implementing the “Five-sphere Integrated Plan” and the “Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy”.